Advanced Mineralogy (DRAFT)
14 Weeks. 3h/week lecture, 1 field
trip to APS
Week 1: Crystal Structure I (Dera)
Description
of crystal structure: periodicity, symmetry, unit cell,
Introduction
to software for visualization and analysis of crystal structures.
Calculation
of bond lengths and coordination environment geometry. Crystal structure
databases. Classification of minerals.
Powerpoint for Minerals and Crystal Structure
Week 2: X-Ray Diffraction (Dera)
Principles
of single-crystal and powder x-ray diffraction. Bragg's law, Ewald construction, vector algebra in
diffraction experiment. Peak indexing and determination of orientation matrix.
Refinement of unit cell parameters.
Week 3: Crystal Structure II (Dera)
Crystal
structure solution and refinement. Examples of main crystal structure types,
bonding and coordination environments, review of main mineral groups from
crystal chemistry perspective.
Week 4: Relation between crystal structure and physical
properties of minerals (Alp)
Classification
based on chemical bond, shape, strength, appearance, and elemental
compositions. Physical properties of minerals: optical and mechanical
properties, transport properties, electronic bands and band gaps. Spin state of
atoms and its consequences for physical properties of solids.
Week 5: Dynamics and thermodynamics of minerals (Alp)
Dynamics
of atoms in crystals, phonons, phonon dispersion, density of states, and
thermodynamics. Tensor properties (elastic tensor, thermal expansion tensor,
piezoelectric tensor)
Week 6: Phase equilibrium and phase diagrams (Alp)
Introduction
to binary and ternary phase diagrams, phase rule, lever rule,
Eutectic,
peritectic, and monotectic systems
Week 7: Mid term exam (in class)
Week 8: Mechanical and thermoelastic behavior of minerals
(Dera)
Stress
and strain. Elastic and plastic deformation. Hooke's law, compressibility and
thermal expansion. Determination of Equation of State.
Week 9: Phase transitions (Dera)
Classification
of phase transitions. Structural and thermodynamic aspects of phase
transitions. Phase transitions in deep Earth.
Week 10: X-Rays and Synchrotron Radiation (Alp)
Generation
of x-rays, x-ray sources, mechanisms of interaction of x-rays with matter. Diffraction,
elastic and inelastic scattering, absorption, fluorescence.
Week 11 X-Ray Spectroscopy for studying minerals I (Dera)
Total
scattering and pair distribution function analysis. X-Ray Fluorescence and
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Week 12 X-Ray Spectroscopy for studying minerals II (Alp)
Nuclear
resonant inelastic X-ray spectroscopy, synchrotron Mssbauer spectroscopy:
Experimental methods for studying electronic properties and spin states of minerals,
Debye sound velocity, vibrational entropy, specific heat, isotope fractionation
Week 13 X-Ray Spectroscopy for studying minerals III (Alp)
Momentum resolved high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering: experimental
methods for studying phonons, speed of sound, determination of shear and
compression sound velocities under high pressure
Week 14 Final exam (in class)
Grading:
30 % Homework
30 % Mid-term exam
30 % Final exam
10 % Class attendance &
participation in the discussions
Resources:
1. Mineral Science, Cornelis Klien and Barbara Dutrow, John Wiley
(with CD-ROM)
2. Mineralogy: Dexter Perkins, Prentice Hall
3. Introduction to Mineral Sciences: Andrew Putnis, Cambridge
University Press
4. Physical
Properties of Crystals, J. F. Nye, Oxford University Press
5. Elements of Modern X-ray Physics: Jens
Als-Nielsen, John Wiley
6. Comparative Crystal Chemistry, R.M.
Hazen and L.W. Finger, Wiley
Web-resources:
American
Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/amcsd.php
Mineral Data mindat database
http://www.mindat.org/index.php